Discuss two social psychological theories of aggression

Discuss two social psychological theories of aggression (24 marks) One social psychological theory of aggression is social learning theory. SLT argues that like all behaviour, aggression is learned through both direct and indirect reinforcement. Behaviour which is reinforced, be that positively or negatively – positive reinforcement occurs when the behaviour causes desired outcomes, negative reinforcement occurs when the behaviour causes undesirable outcomes - is more likely to be learned and repeated. Operant conditioning states that learning the behaviour occurs through direct reinforcement, for example if a child cleans their room and is given some sweets (positive reinforcement) or when a child cleans their room so their parent stops†¦show more content†¦Many said that when they were in the experiment they felt that they were expected to act aggressively towards the bobo doll. On the other hand, social learning theory does allow us to explain the enormous cultural variations of aggression. SLT can account for these variations as it places value on social norms. This explains society such as the Amish where there is very little aggression as it indicates the importance of learning over biology. Secondly, through context-dependent learning, SLT accounts for why people may be aggressive in one situation and yet not in another, as we learn that while in some situations aggressive behaviour is rewarded, we also learn that in others it is not. Patterson et al found evidence in favour of social learning theory within his research into the importance of role models in the development of anti-social behaviour. Through questionnaires they found that very aggressive children tend to be raised in homes of high aggression, little affection and little positive feedback. Also, Mead found that the Arapesh (an example of a non-aggressive culture in which aggression is not admired and therefore not modelled or reinforces by adults. However, social learning theory is criticised for being both reductionist and over simplistic in its attempt to explain aggression. It is reductionist as it attempts to break down complex human behaviour into a series of four processes – Attention, Retention, Production andShow MoreRelatedViolence Tends To Threaten The Organization Of Society.1648 Words   |  7 Pagessociety violence is permeated in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Violence in our society enters our homes, workplace, and schools and especially in the media. Violence is the intentional action or inaction causing physical, sexual and psychological injury, including battering, pornography, sexual assault, incest, child abuse and sexual harassment. 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Paper on Work Place Safety - 10014 Words

EMP 5103 RELIABILITY, QUALITY AND SAFETY ENGINEERING EMP 5103 TERM PROJECT ON: WORKPLACE SAFETY SUMMARY In this paper, workplace safety is discussed. Analysis of historical data on workplace accidents were used to establish the need and importance of workplace safety. Relationship between Safety and Reliability Engineering was established to show how reliability engineering techniques and methods can be used to evaluate, identify risk prone activities and machines, with a view of reducing to the bear minimum the faulty equipment and/or factors that cause workplace accidents. Safety management and safety programs like†¦show more content†¦Alice Hamilton became the first woman physician appointed to a faculty position at Harvard University, where she worked at the School of Public Health promoting safe and healthful work practices in the United States. 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Prosocial behavior free essay sample

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1 1. 1 Introduction2 1. 2 Statement of the Problem 5 1. 3 Significance of Study6 1. 4 Research Objective6 S1. 5 Hypotheses8 1. 6 Terminology Definition9 1. 7 Limitation of the Study11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW12 2. 1 Family Strength12 2. 2 Relationship between Personal Characteristic and Family Strength12 2. 3 Relationship between Family Characteristic and Family Strength14 2. 4 Prosocial Behavior15 2. 5 Relationship between Personal Characteristic and Prosocial Behavior15 2. 6 Relationship between Family Characteristic and Prosocial Behavior17 2. 7 Relationship between Family Strength and Prosocial Behavior17 2. 8 Summary18 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY18 3. 1 Research Designs19 3. 2 Study Location20 3. 4 Instrumentation23 3. 5 Data Collection24 3. 6 Data Analysis25 REFERENCES27 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1Introduction Over the last decade, prosocial behavior becomes increasingly importance in the social context. Prosocial behavior is influenced by the family strength. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s (1992) Ecological System Theory, prosocial is divide into two major factors that is contextual (family and friends) and personal (personal characteristic and sex). Therefore, personal and family characteristic will contribute to family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Family process which includes of family caring and connectedness is correlated with prosocial behavior involvement of adolescence (Resnick, Harris, Blum, 1993). In addition, the quality of parental attachment within child will contribute to the type and frequency of adolescents’ prosocial behavior (Eberly Montemayor, 1999). In fact, prosocial behavior is one of the actions that made with the intention of benefiting others (Eisenberg Fabes, 1998). The issues of prosocial behavior becomes more frequently as the growing population increases. In Malaysia, the population of our nation is increasing over year. Since there is increasingly of the population, the quality of prosocial behavior has to give priority in discussing. The prosociality in an individual is very importance during the development stage. This is because prosocial behavior is the foundation in social interaction with family, peers, and friends. It also encourages the helping behavior to be nurtured in between human. Therefore, social behavior of adolescence is so significant and should be discussed in the study and in future research. Family strength increasingly important in determine the prosocial behavior of adolescents. Family strength can be defined as a physical bond among the family members. The interaction that conducts from family members will give significant influence on adolescence current or future prosocial behavior. This is because an individual’s behavior will change as the changes in their surroundings. Hence, family strength is very importance in determining the prosocial behavior conducted by the adolescents. In general, family strength is the quality of relationship and bond among the family members which allow promoting well-being of family (Moore, Whitney, Kinukawa, 2009). There are six types of family strength, caring and appreciation, commitment, communication, communities and family ties, working together, and flexibility and openness to change (Goddard, 1999). When one of the family members is facing problems or challenges outside, the other family member will give full support, love, caring, and concern to him or her. There is nothing in the world could make human life happier than to greatly increase the number of strong families (Mace, 1985). In addition, adolescents are chosen to undergo this research is because of they are the second largest population group in Malaysia. Adolescent can be defined as the transitional stage of development which is between childhood and full adulthood. Adolescent is the last stage before becoming adult. Normally, individual in this period of time are biologically adult but it is not fully maturity in emotionally. The age for adolescent is varied in culture. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), adolescents’ age is fall in between 10 and 20 years old. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Health defines adolescent as those who aged fall on the range 10 to 19 years old. The early adolescent is between 10 to 14 years old and late adolescent is between 15 to 19 years old. In this transition period, the mentally immature adolescents are very easy to be influenced by their closet environment such as their family (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Peers, families, and communities become the strongest influences on their lives. Although, there are many study has been carry out before. But adolescent still recognize as the most important group for studied. It may due to adolescences are expected to be a period of growth for prosocial behavior tendencies in future (Eisenberg Fabes, 1990). Adolescents are categorized as the most valuable asset of Malaysia. No matter what they will become in the future, a minister, an entrepreneur or even a labor, they have their own contribution to their nation because adolescent is the future of every country. Therefore, it is very important to discuss the prosocial behavior among adolescents to avoid less prosocial behavior which are able to raise risky behavior among them. As shown in Figure 1. 1, parental monitoring will brings adolescents towards the risky behavior in the social context. From statistic as shown in Figure 1. 1, no risky behavior participants are normally tends to proscocial behavior. In addition, high parent monitoring will contribute to no risky behavior and also prosocial behavior. Family plays an important role in construct adolescent’s prosocial behavior. In fact, parental assessments show significantly higher scores in adolescent’s prosocial behavior. The stronger the family strength will produce prosocial bahavior or better communication skills (Scourfield, John, Martin, McGuffin, 2004). Figure 1. 1: Relationship between amount of parental monitoring of adolescent and percentage participating in no risky behaviors Source from: Child Trends, 2009 Finally, the effectiveness of family strength contributes to the prosocial behavior problems. Higher level of family strength between family members will contribute to active prosocial behavior among adolescents. In contrasts, the weakness the family strength among family members will contribute to inactive prosocial behavior among adolescents. The quality of family strength will directly influences on the prosocial behavior of adolescents. Therefore, there is more likely to develop strong family strength to enhance the prosocial behavior problem among adolescents. Basically, the purpose of this study is to describe the relationship between family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior specifically in Serdang, Malaysia. This study is aim to determine the significant of family strength in the transitional stage of development of adolescent. 1. 2Statement of the Problem Research Question: This study aims to determine the relationship between family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior in Serdang. Specifically, this study will identify adolescent’s characteristic (age, gender, self-esteem) and family characteristics (parental education, number of siblings, total family monthly income, parental marital status) that are related to family strength and prosocial behavior. In addition, the relationships between family characteristics with family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior will be determined. In summary, there are five research questions to be addressed in this present study: 1. What is the level of family strength as perceived by adolescents? 2. What is the level of adolescents’ prosocial behavior? 3. What adolescents’ family characteristics are significantly related to family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior? 4. Is family strength significantly related to adolescents’ prosocial behavior? 5. What factors are predictive of family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior? Conceptual Framework: Note: gender 0, 1 Figure 1. 2: The conceptual framework of the relationship between family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior in Serdang 1. 3Significance of Study The study of family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behaviour can be a learning paradigm to search for the relationship between both the variable. The findings may be contributed to various levels as in individual, society and national level. At individual level, the finding of the study may benefits the parents as they can study what is the important factor that affects family strength and thus have effects on their adolescents’ prosocial behaviour. Parents will understand that how family strength have effects on adolescents’ prosocial behaviour. At society level, this study provides a better understanding on how the family strength will affect the adolescents’ prosocial behaviour. The society gain knowledge on the finding and thus could advice or helps the parents who do not have a strong family strength or family with dire prosocial behaviour’s adolescent. As for the national level, the finding of this study could provide a better insight on how family strength can have effects on adolescents’ prosocial behaviour. The finding of the study can be applicable by the authority and NGOs to provide a proper education and knowledge to families so that the bond between the family members can be stronger and how it can affect adolescents’ prosocial behaviour. The greater the number of family with greater strength will have children with better prosocial behaviour. Thus, this will lead the society, in fact country to a higher level of living standard. 1. 4Research Objective Main objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior in Serdang. Specific objectives: 1) To describe personal characteristics (age, gender, self-esteem) of the adolescents. 2) To describe parents characteristics (parental education, number of siblings, total family monthly income, marital status) of the adolescents. 3) To describe the adolescents’ perceived family strength. 4) To describe the adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 5) To determine the relationship between adolescents’ age and family strength. 6) To determine the relationship between adolescents’ gender and family strength. 7) To determine the relationship between adolescents’ self-esteem and family strength. 8) To determine the relationship between parental (father, mother) education and family strength. 9) To determine the relationship between number of siblings and family strength. 10) To determine the relationship between total family monthly income and family strength. 11) To compare differences of family strength across parental marital status. 12) To determine the relationship between adolescents’ age and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 13) To determine the relationship between adolescents’ gender and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 14) To determine the relationship between adolescents’ self-esteem and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 15) To determine the relationship between parental (father, mother) education and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 16) To determine the relationship between number of siblings and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 17) To determine the relationship between total family monthly income and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 18) To compare differences of adolescents’ prosocial behavior across parental marital status. 19) To determine the relationship between family strength and prosocial behaviour. 20) To determine what factors uniquely predict family strength. 21) To determine what factors uniquely predict adolescents’ prosocial behavior. S1. 5Hypotheses How family strength influences on prosocial behavior among adolescents is remained to questions. Besides, does the family strength help in moderating adolescents’ prosocial behavior? The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior in Serdang. This study tests 17 null hypotheses. H01 : There is no significant relationship between adolescents’ age and family strength. H0 2 : There is no significant relationship between adolescents’ gender and family strength. H0 3 : There is no significant relationship between adolescents’ self-esteem and family strength. H0 4 : There is no significant relationship between father’s education and family strength. H? 5 : There is no significant relationship between mother’s education and family strength. H? 6 : There is no significant relationship between number of siblings and family strength. H? 7 : There is no significant relationship between total family monthly income and family strength. H0 8 : There is no significant difference of family strength across parental marital status. H0 9 : There is no significant relationship between adolescents’ age and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. H0 10 : There is no significant relationship between adolescents’ gender and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. H0 11 : There is no significant relationship between adolescents’ self-esteem and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. H0 12 : There is no significant relationship between father’s education and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. H0 13 : There is no significant relationship between mother’s education and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. H0 14 : There is no significant relationship between number of siblings and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. H0 15 : There is no significant relationship between total family monthly income and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. H0 16 : There is no significant difference of adolescents’ prosocial behavior across parents’ marital status. H0 17 : There is no significant relationship between family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 1. 6Terminology Definition Terminology is defined a word in conceptually and operationally. Below are the terms of this study. 1. 6. 1 Personal Characteristic Conceptual: The combination of qualities, features or attributes that distinguishes one person from another Operational: Adolescent’s report on the age, gender, and self-esteem of the respondent. Age refers to the period of time of history during which respondent lives from birth till current period. Gender is being classified into women and men category for the research respondent. Self-esteem will be measured by the Respondent’s score on the Rosenberg’s (1979) self-esteem scale (will be explain later). 1. 6. 2 Family Characteristic Conceptual: The combination of qualities, features or attributes that distinguishes one family from another family. Operational: Report on the, parental education, number of siblings, total family monthly income, and marital status of the respondent’s family. Parent education level will be categorized into level of UPSR, SPM, STPM, Diploma and Degree. Number of siblings is the total number of respondent’s brother and sister. Total family monthly income is the combination of income in Ringgit Malaysia from respondent’s family. Marital refers to the category of married, single parent, remarriage, and others. 1. 6. 3 Family Strength Conceptual: Relationship qualities that contribute to the emotional health and well-being of the family. It is a set of relationship and processes that satisfy support and protect to family members (Moore et al, 2009). Operational: Respondent’s score on Family Functioning Style Scale (FFSS). This scale is developed by Trivette, Dunst, Deal, Hamby, Sexton (1994). The scale consist five domains which is interactional patterns, family values, coping strategies, family commitment and resource mobilization. The higher score the respondent reach, the more strong of respondent’s family strength. 1. 6. 4 Prosocial Behavior Conceptual: A type of behavior that tends to more helping, empathy, feeling concern and caring among each other. Operational: Respondent’s score on Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM), which is developed by Johnson et al. , 1989 and Rushton et al. , 1981. This scale is aim to assess a person prosocial behavior. It’s consists of six categories, which is, public, anonymous, dire, emotional, compliant, and altruism. The higher the score of respondent, the more of his or her tends to be prosocial behavior. 1. 6. 5 Adolescent Conceptual: A person who are between the beginning of puberty and adulthood stage. Operational: Respondent who being of the age of 10 years to 19 years. 1. 6. 6 Self-Esteem Conceptual: A person’s overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Operational: Respondent’s score on the Rosenberg’s (1979) self-esteem scale. The higher the score, the higher the self-esteem of respondent are. 1. 7Limitation of the Study Some limitations are found in this study. First, since the findings of the study were based only on a few secondary schools in the area of Serdang, Selangor, therefore the generalization of the findings is limited to the sample assessed. Second, the study assessed family strengths only from the adolescents’ perspective and the parents’ perspectives are not in the dataset, whereby these might differ based on the different perspectives. Finally, since the data is obtained through questionnaire survey, therefore the accuracy of the data is depends solely on the honesty of the respondents. Accuracy of the data obtained violated if the respondents answer it not honestly and there is no ways to determine and measure the honesty of respondents while answered the questionnaire. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A review of literature which related to the how family strength influences on adolescents’ social behavior is presented on this chapter. Apart from that, this literature review will stressed on the variables influencing different level of family strength and adolescents’ social behavior such as personal characteristic and family characteristic. Among the subtopics that discussed in this chapter are as below: 2. 1 Family Strength Family strength refers to a physical bond and quality relationship among the family members. It also refers to the set of relationship and processes that satisfy support and protect to family members in any situation, especially during times of adversity and change (Moore et al. , 2009). Family member will give love, care, concern, and encourage when one of their family members are facing problem outside. In fact, the level of family strength can be influenced by personal characteristic and family characteristic (Kaslow Hammerschmidt, 1992; Lin Chen, 1994; Menaghan Parcel, 1991; Rozumah Zoozilawati, 2003; Rumaya et al. , 2000; Zarinah Rozumah, 2001). The characteristic of healthy families can be differentiated from dysfunction counterparts (Moore, Chalk, Scarpa, and Vandivere, 2002). Strong family strength can be the role models to create good relationship among the loved ones (Defrain, 1999). There are many researchers have been discussed that strong family strength families focusing on the social, economic, and psychological function that performed by family members (Moore et al. , 2002). For example, a strong family strength would have the high degree of marital status between spouses, satisfying parent-child relationship, and fulfill the needs of the family members from interaction. 2. 2 Relationship between Personal Characteristic and Family Strength Individuals’ personal characteristics have been associated with family strength characteristics. It includes age, gender and self-esteem. 2. 2. 1 Age According to Rumaya et al. (2000), family strength characteristics consist of roles, communication, problem solving, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavior control and general functioning where there is a significant correlation between respondent’s age and role in the family which is one of the dimensions of the family strength. Besides that, cognitive and problem-solving skills of older respondents are more developed than the younger in building stronger home environment (Menaghan Parcel, 1991). However, Lin and Chen (1994) suggested that there is also evidence showed that younger respondents tend to appraise their family as stronger compared to older respondents. Despite many researchers have argued on how age is correlated with the family strength, Rozumah and Zoozilawati (2003) found no relationship between age and home environment. 2. 2. 2 Gender Parents are the primary influence on gender role development in the early years of one’s life, whereby it might affects the male and female perception towards family strength in the later years (Kaplan, 1991; Miller, 1987; Santrock, 1994). Gender identities and the expectations towards male and female roles are socialized within the parents-children relationship. Therefore, male and female that have been socialized differently will perceive differently towards family strength. Furthermore, men and women have some biological differences, but it is life experience that reinforces or contradicts those differences. The truth lies in differential socialization, which claims that males and females are taught different appropriate behaviors for their gender, whereby it will affect different perception and behavior of different gender towards family strength (Crespi, n. d. ). 2. 2. 3 Self-esteem Self-esteem is a personal assessment of worthiness which means how oneself truly loving and valuing on itself. High self-esteem provides the basis for success and coping with daily living in a rapidly changing environment which may promote them to face challenges of life more effectively. According to Yabiku, Axinn, and Thornton (1999), family strength correlates with love, support, and deeply involvement of parents in their daily lives. Adolescents shown higher self-esteem when they possessed these elements in their lives. Besides that, capitalizing on their own family strengths can enable self-esteem to grow and prosper in family members regardless of age (Thames and Thomasan, 2008). 2. 3 Relationship between Family Characteristic and Family Strength According to the ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), it is suggested that family characteristics and family strength can manipulate adolescent growth. In this study, family characteristics (parental education, number of siblings, and the total family’s monthly income, parental marital status) and family strengths (family emotional health and well-being) both are being discussed have relationship within variable. 2. 3. 1 Parental education From the past study, few researches had shown that there was a significant correlation between the level of parental education and family strength (Menaghan Parcel, 1991; Lin Chen, 1994). It shows in a study that the level of parental education had shown no significant relationships with family strength (Zarinah Rozumah, 2009). 2. 3. 2 Number of siblings Number of siblings in the family had shown a significant positive correlation on the total family strength where the higher number of siblings the adolescent have, the higher the total family strength measured. (Zarinah, Rozumah, Rumaya, Mansor, 2009; Zarinah Rozumah, 2009) 2. 3. 3 Total family monthly income According to Moore et al. (2009), it was found that the family strength is associated significantly with family income. Parents with higher income will have greater family strength. 2. 3. 4 Marital status From the past research, parental marital status may not be that contributor that ensures negative relationship between parents and children. (Barber Eccles, 1992). However, from another study, family with marital distruption such as divorced family and single-parent family has a negative effect on family dysfunction. (Wu, Hou, Schimmele, 2008). 2. 4 Prosocial Behavior Prosocial behavior refers to the action which benefits to the society. Prosocial behavior is an intended action that help and benefiting others. Those activities are includes sharing, helping, rescuing, feeling empathy and comforting (Baston, 1991). It mutually giving love, care, concern, helping, and encourage to those who are in need. According to Staub’s theory (2005), prosocial is characterized as the positive human being evaluation which concern about oneself and others welfare. In addition, prosocial behavior is tends to be gave benefit to others, rather than to benefit the self. It often entails risk or cost to the self rather than others (Twenge, Baumeister , DeWall, Ciarocco, Bartels, 2007). Deficits in prosocial skills will leads to lack of moral reasoning and emphatic sensitivity towards other people (Twenge et al. , 2007). 2. 5 Relationship between Personal Characteristic and Prosocial Behavior In this research, we would like to find out the relationship between personal characteristic (age, gender and self-esteem) and prosocial behavior. As what has been discussed on the previous part, prosocial behavior can be categorized as a person who having more tends to prosocial behavior or those less prosocial behaviors. 2. 5. 1 Age Different of age stage maybe will lead to different level of prosocial behavior. According to the study of Luong, Charles, and Fingerman (2011) which found that, a person who getting older, will getting in more prosocial behavior in their social life. This can be interpreting that, the relationship between age and prosocial behavior level are positive correlations. Level of prosocial behavior will increases with the age of a person according to this study. This is because, maybe the older age persons are more contribute to their social relationship compare to those more younger. 2. 5. 2 Gender According to Ma, Cheung and Shek (2007), research divided prosocial behavior into 2 part, one part is tend to be more helping, normative behavior and the other is tend to be co-operation and sharing among each others. Study indicate that there is no any relationship between as gender and prosocial behavior towards tend to more helping and normative behavior among Chinese respondents. However, there is significant relationship between gender in prosocial inclination towards affective relationship, co-operation and sharing. Through this study, they had found that, girls are more tend to sharing and co-operation among each other, whereas, boys respondent are more pretend to maintain an affective relationship with their peers (Ma et al. , 2007). On the other hands, the study which done by Lee, E. (2009) has shown that, the less prosocial behavior is more related on boys if compare among genders. Boys who are in aggression will be more rejected by peers which cause them tend to be less prosocial behavior. 2. 5. 3 Self-esteem Self- esteem is the way of how we evaluate or opinion on our own self. It can also be defined as how deeply and how much we love our self (Mortimer, D. , 2009). It can be category into low self-esteem and high self-esteem. People who are low self-esteem will always think that they are not good enough and being problem with others. They are no confident in doing and complete their task (Mortimer, D. , 2009). Besides that, according to Leary, Tambor, Terdal, and Downs (1995), self-esteem is a good tool to gauge on human’s social ability in acceptance. There is relationship between self-esteem and prosocial behavior. Leary et al. (1995), proposed that, if there is a drop on human self-esteem will result from dropping on prosocial behavior too. Human will become less prosocial behavior if their self-esteem is drop. However, in the research of Blackhart, Nelson, Knowles, and Baumeister (2009), they have found that, there is no significant relationship between the level of self-esteem and the level of prosocial behavior. Respondent who show good sociality then others will not have differ level of self-esteem compare with those not excepted by friends. 2. 6 Relationship between Family Characteristic and Prosocial Behavior A family plays an important role in transition of child to adolescent. There are few studies have shown the relationship between family characteristic and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. 2. 6. 1 Parental education According to Wu et al. (2008), there is a significant relationship between parental education and adolescents’ prosocial behaviour. Higher the parental education level, adolescent will have positive change in prosocial behaviour. 2. 6. 2 Number of siblings According to the study from Yuan (2009), the number of siblings is determined by the number of brothers and sisters that live in the same household as the respondent. The more siblings in the family, adolescents’ helping behavior is higher (Raviv and Bal-Tat, 1980). 2. 6. 3 Total family monthly income From the past research, family income had shown a significant relationship in adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Higher of the family income will affect adolescent tendencies of prosocial behavior. On the other hand, low income status will have negative change in adolescents’ prosocial behavior (Wu et al, 2008). 2. 6. 4 Parental Marital Status According to Lichter, Shanahan, and Gardner (2002), married couple households will have more involvement in volunteer work than single-parent families. From the past research, volunteerism has been indicated as a prosocial behavior (Flanagan, Bowes, Jonsson, Caspo, Sheblanova, 1998; Flanagan Gallay, 1995). Therefore, married couple household will have greater adolescents’ prosocial behavior than single-parent families. 2. 7 Relationship between Family Strength and Prosocial Behavior A well family’s connectedness was consistently associated with less problem behavior involvement. Therefore, it tends to be more prosocial behavior involvement (Kerr, Beck, Shattuck, Kattar, Uriburu, 2003). For example, a person tends to give love, care, concern, helping, and encourage to those who are in need. It often entails risk or cost to the self rather than others (Twenge et al. , 2007). Family process which includes of family caring and connectedness is correlated with prosocial behavior involvement of adolescence (Resnick et al. , 1993). By promoting of family care, concern and loved between family members will enhance the family strength in the family. It will promote prosocial behavior involevement of adolescence in later lives. Adolescence who is come from stable and cohesion fmaily is more likely act in caring and prosocial ways (Cochran Bo, 1989; Romig Bakken, 1992). They tend to give help to the person in need. Moreover, family plays an important role in construct adolescent prosocial behavior. Parents are becoming of their role model and learn the lifestyle which asserted by their parents. Hence, the quality of parental attachment within child will contribute to the type and frequency of adolescents’ prosocial behavior (Eberly Montemayor, 1999). 2. 8 Summary In this chapter, most of the literatures are retrieved from western country. It may have slightly differences in the culture and values. In addition, some of the literatures we have reviewed have been used since many years ago; it might not really shows the realistic on current scenario or situation as the changes is occur every day. Based on the literature review, we found that majority of previous study showed family strength have significant relationship with prosocial behavior in adolescents. However, there were still got some of the literature review show contradiction in their research. But in the final summary of literature findings, we conclude that there is a significant relationship between family strength and adolescents’ prosocial behaviour. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3. 1Research Designs Research design is a plan and structure of an investigation in order to get the analysis and answer of the question. It helps to identify the variables in research and how the variables operate. Besides that, research design is aim to identify the most economical and effective way to provide credible answer. The research design that use in this research is non-experimental research. Non-experimental research will produce concrete and scientific data to the researcher. It has not any explanation for the cause and effect of the phenomena. Our study cannot be considered as experimental research as there are no control groups and subjects are being randomized. In non-experimental research, descriptive research and correlational research are choosing for our study. Descriptive research is use to depict the current state of the phenomena about population that occur at the time where research is running. It involves gathering data that describe events and then organ

Othello Essays (1350 words) - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio

Othello If one reads Shakespeare's Othello, they can come to the conclusion that it might be one of the his most tragic plays ever written by Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most famous of his tragic plays, but Othello, has characteristics that, I think make it even more tragic then his other plays, and therefore for that reason, you can say that Othello is the most tragic hero. Othello is a noble man, one who has grace with the ladies but also possesses all the virtues of a military leader that he is. He is a general that is experienced in battle. He has shown that he is reliable and well known in the military and is well respected. His valiant personality, is what draws people to him, as it does for Desdemona. The senators value him and hear what he says when he speaks. This is shown here by one of the senators. "Here comes Barbantio and the valiant Moor", (Act I scene 3, 47) . This is an example of the many comments which shows Othello's character and personality as a person and an officer. They say he is one of the great leaders. Not only does he posses great character and courage, but also dignity. He keeps his control even when he is being accused of witchcraft during the first encounter with the senators when Desdemona's father confronts him about see his daughter. "Most potent, grave, and reverend signors, My very noble and approved good masters; That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter, It is most true; true I have married her. The very head and front of my offending Hath the extent, no more. Rude I am in my speech, And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace;" (I, iii, 91) This is an example of how Othello deals with style and grace under fire, when he is accused of witch craft, by marrying Desdemona. He neither, yells or screams, but explains in a manner that captivates his audience, and draws them in to listen. A major sign that Othello shows his rage and jealousy occurs in Act III, scene 3, when Iago is talking with Othello and tells him that Desdemona is a whore. Othello's breakdown, almost to choke Iago, simply asks Iago "Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore, Be sure if it. Give me the ocular proof. Or by the worth of mine eternal soul, thou hadst been better have been born a dog. Than answer my waked wrath." (Act III, scene 3) This a point in the play where Iago starts unveil his malicious plan. It makes Othello react, in a manner that he usually does not. Othello has many qualities that contribute to his overall worth. One being his trustfulness. At this point in time, Othello, says that Iago is a man of honor and trust, and therefore has no reason not to distrust him. Many times Othello does not see the fake and malicious acts of Iago. This is done to extend the play and also add to Othello's tragic flaws. Othello trusts too easily. Othello is used to dealing with military people and on the battle field, a place where you put your life in the hands of others and trust is very important. Iago reputation on the battle field is well known and is not tarnished. With Othello being a military leader for most of his life, trusting another military friend, is not uncommon, and therefore, Othello has no reason not to believe or trust Iago. So it can be said that Othello has a number of tragic flaws, one being trust worthy. It is not to say that being trust worthy is a bad characteristic, but to not trust your own wife? Othello, tragically, in Act III, scene 3, is thoroughly corrupted by Iago, says that he believes that Desdemona is honest, but yet he thinks that she is not. This is a part that Othello's "innocence" is torn to bits, because he does not know what to believe anymore. This is also where he comes to Iago for advice, which is what Iago has been waiting for. Othello is seen as a confused man without direction and does know what to do. "By the world, I think that my wife be honest and think that she is not. I think that thou art just and think she is not. Othello then says to Iago: "Damn her, lewd minx, damn her, damn her! Come,

Violence1 essays

Violence1 essays There are many different views on how violent films and music affect people. Personally, I believe violent films and music do not affect people, but some studies show they do. There are also various reasons why people want to see violent films, and why artists and producers continue to produce violent films and music. From the article Film Violence and Subsequent Aggressive Tendencies, they write that even in the 1920s and 1930s people were affected by watching and reading things containing violent behavior. The authors write that media violence induces crime and juvenile delinquency. Through their experiments, when a film is being watched, the emotional state of the audience plays a big role. When preschoolers watched the aggressive behavior of adults in a movie, they later reacted to mild frustrations. Violence in films does not just affect youngsters, but people of all ages. In the same study Lovaas and Walters experimented with the same idea. Their final conclusion was that, stimuli presented on the movie screen can arouse previously learned aggressiveness habits, producing overtly hostile behavior. As you can see through these experiments, people can and sometimes do react to violence in films. Most often, however, people do not react to the violence in films and music. People who have been raised properly and who have word structure will most likely not react to the violence that is put out there on films and in music. On the other hand, if you were raised in a violent situation with faltering vocal structure, violence could majorly affect you. Aggression is normal in all of us. But when aggression turns into violence, the people behind the violence are probably troubled already. The hit single, C.R.E.A.M. (Cash Rules Everything Around Me), by hip-hop artists Wu-Tang Clan, best describes why people make violent films and m...

Francis Bacons Classic Essay of Studies

Francis Bacons Classic Essay of Studies Francis Bacon, the first major English essayist, comments forcefully in Of Studies on the value of reading, writing,  and learning. Notice Bacons reliance on parallel structures (in particular, tricolons) throughout this concise, aphoristic  essay. Then, compare the essay to Samuel Johnsons treatment of the same theme more than a century later in On Studies. The Life of Francis Bacon Francis Bacon is considered a Renaissance man. He worked as a lawyer and scientist throughout his life (1561-1626.)  Bacons most valuable work surrounded philosophical and Aristotelian concepts that supported the scientific method. Bacon served as an Attorney General as well as Lord Chancellor of England and received his education from several universities including Trinity College and the University of Cambridge. Bacon has written over 50 essays beginning with Of in the title and following the concept, such as Of Truth, Of Atheism and Of Discourse. A few interesting facts about Bacon: Bacons uncle was the Lord Keeper for Queen Elizabeth I. He helped symbolize the approvals for key documents.He is known as the father of the scientific method which was influenced by his own Baconian method based on reason and observation.There are rumors that Bacon was mostly attracted to men, due to his late marriage in life, amongst other ​theories. Interpretations of Of Study Bacons essay expresses several comments in Of Studies that can be interpreted as the following: Studying is helpful for better understanding and provides a knowledge that develops experience, as well as  a character that grows.Reading provides delight and fun, ornament and showing off, and the ability for success.Bacon expanded upon different fields of study depending on ones goal; for example, to master clarity with language, study poetry. Of Studies Excerpt by Francis Bacon* Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric a ble to contend. Abeunt studia in mores [Studies pass into and influence manners]. Nay, there is no stone or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. * Bacon published three editions of his essays (in 1597, 1612, and 1625) and the last two were marked by the addition of more essays. In many cases, they became expanded works from earlier editions. This is the best-known  version of the essay Of Studies, taken from the 1625 edition of  Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral. Below, for the sake of comparison, is the version from the first edition (1597). Studies serve for pastimes, for ornaments, for abilities; their chief use for pastimes is in privateness and retiring; for ornaments in discourse; and for ability in judgment; for expert men can execute, but learned men are more fit to judge and censure. To spend too much time in them is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar; they perfect nature, and are themselves perfected by experience; crafty men contemn them, wise men use them, simple men admire them; for they teach not their use, but that there is a wisdom without them and above them won by observation. Read not to contradict nor to believe, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some are to be read only in parts, others to be read but curiously, and some few to be read wholly with diligence and attention. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready, and writing an exact man; therefore, if a man write little, he had need of a great memory; if he confer little, he had need of a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not know. Histories make wise men; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

How do interest groups lobby the president and how successful are they Research Paper

How do interest groups lobby the president and how successful are they - Research Paper Example These could either be through individual membership or membership through organizations. The main aim is usually perceived to be the protection of a specific or a particular interest. This has generally made interest groups seem as self-interested and narrow; without any regard for public good. Also, it is commonly believed that an interest group as an organization has goals or policies that are similar and that their objective as an organization is to use their influence on the political process to give them the edge they need to achieve these goals. All these debates over lobbying and interest groups have brought confusion over the importance of interest groups and whether they are really important in a democracy or they simply exist to serve self -centered interest. To understand the truth about interest groups and their influence on the presidents an in depth study of the same is required. To explain the importance of interest groups in politics as well as the public policy making process, a number of theories has been developed and adopted by scholars. Theories such as elite, pluralism, disturbance among others have all been developed. In the early days of Republican form of governance, the unity, as well as the power balance of the nation was very much threatened by this interest groups, but federalist edict allowed the flourishing of these so called interest groups with the argument that a counterbalance would come from other groups that were equally self-centered therefore containing the effect of outside influence.1 The outcome of this was the spread of Republican form of government as opposed to a pure democracy a scenario that the anti-federalists totally disagreed with because in their view, diversity of interests in country that is very large in size was only recipe for precluding of the unity of the country. According to the

United States Power Versus The Roman Empire Research Paper

United States Power Versus The Roman Empire - Research Paper Example This is in regards to political influence and an outstanding system of government that made the empire to conquer and colonize the world. Although the United States is incomparable in geographical size to the ancient Roman Empire, its influence on global affair correspond to the area or region that was under the Roman Empire. This essay investigates the similarities and differences between the ancient Roman Empire and the United States. The essay achieves its objective by comparing and contrasting political, economic, and military power of the two governments. The Roman Empire valued its military, and this made the empire to have the strongest military in the world. Similarly, the US has the strongest military in the world. The US also has the largest budget allocation for its military similar to the budgetary allocation of the ancient Roman Empire. In the Roman Empire soldiers were the most respected class or citizens, they were given the best training, the finest equipment, and decent allowances (Benjamin 145). Although United States, have other professions that are beyond the military, US soldiers remain a respected class. In addition, the US military has the best training in the world that uses the latest technology and equipment. The Roman Empire had its military in almost every part of the world that was reachable during their time. Roman military invaded other kingdoms with the objective of conquering and expanding the Roman Empire. Although the US has never colonized any sovereign states, its military is in operation in almost every country in the world. The US military has bases in every continent and they are in operation in various countries around the globe. Currently, the US military has on going operations in almost every continent. The two governments use their political influence to maintain their authority around the globe. The US uses sophisticated political system that shares some characteristic with the Roman Empire political system. Conquering and colonizing other kingdoms was the main political strategy applied by the Roman Empire. The Romans conquered other kingdoms and forced them to pay royalties as a strategy of maintaining their influence. Although the US applies its military strength to maintain its influence around the globe, it carries its activities under the disguise of maintaining or establishing democracy. The US is also a major stakeholder in global organizations such as the UN and NATO (Felice 56). Through these organizations, the US is able to influence other governments around the world through the objectives and operations of these organizations. The US also uses its economic aid such as food aid and financing of development projects as a stra tegy of exercising it control over other countries. Attached to the aid given to different country are the economic sanctions that the US applies through major world institutions and organization such as the UN, World Bank and the IMF. Several countries depend on the United States for food aid. Such countries range from poor sub-Saharan states to wealth countries such as the North Korea. The military power and political influence of the two governments has its roots in their economic capabilities. Currently the US has the strongest economy in the world. Although there are speculations that the Chinese economy is overtaking the US economy, the economies of the two countries are still a great distance apart. The US dollar is acceptable in almost every country as a medium of exchange (Felice 221). Similarly, the Roman currency was acceptable in all regions that the empire had its influence. The

Battered Women as Court Defense Essay Example for Free

Battered Women as Court Defense Essay One of the theoretical frameworks present, which is explains the rationale for battered women killings as a supplement to a self-defense court appeal is the condition of battered woman syndrome (Ogle and Jacobs, 2002 p. 51). Battered women who kill are often limited to pleading incapacity or provocation because the circumstances of the homicide do not fit into the narrow confines of self-defense law. Even when permitted to go forward with a self-defense claim, many women do not succeed. However, using the battered woman syndrome as a defense has troublesome implications. In practice, the battered woman syndrome defense echoes the old incapacity defense – she was acting out of learned helplessness rather than necessity – and fails to adequately consider the terrible experiences and choices these women face (Forrell and Matthews, 2001 p. 203). The cycle of battering theory posits that battering involves an identifiable pattern, which possess three phases as according to Walker (1979) (Ogle and Jacobs, 2002 p.51-52): (1). Tension building, in which the batterer seeks to create tension through intimidation, degradation, and threats in order to build a case for his next episode of violence and during this time, the victim is attempting to forestall the next battering incident; (2) acute battering incident, in which the batterer becomes violently abusive toward the victim in order to make his point, regain complete control of both the relationship and the victim, and prevent the victim from tying to leave; lastly, (3) contrition, in which the batterer, early in the relationship, makes gestures of apology, promises desistance, asks for forgiveness, and seeks reconciliation in order to keep the victim from fleeing (Ogle and Jacobs, 2002 p. 52). The proportionality, imminence requirements and the mare standards by which they are measured virtually preclude traditional self-defense for most battered women who kill their violent partners. For example, a 1995 U. S Department of Justice study, Spouse Murder Defendants, determined that 44% of women accused of murdering their husbands had been threatened with a weapon or physically assaulted at or around the time of the murder; of these, 56% were convicted. Not surprisingly, in states that relax the imminence and equal-force requirements when battered women kill and admit evidence on domestic violence and its consequences, more women are found to have killed n self-defense (Forrell and Matthews, 2001 p. 203). Battered Woman Syndrome does not explain how a woman suffering from learned helplessness (resigned to dying, hopeless, sure that nothing she does will have any influence on the outcome) suddenly becomes proactive and defends herself lethally. Learned helplessness creates a psychological and behavioral stereotype of the battering victim that can then be turned around and used against her in court if she does not exactly fit the typology of a battered woman suffering from this psychological problem. When such condition occurred, the battered woman is often not permitted to present certain testimony on the battering since she is believed not to be battered woman. In other words, if psychologists, through interviews and testing, cannot make a diagnosis of learned helplessness, then the woman does not fit the typology of a battered woman and cannot use that as a supplement to self-defense (Ogle and Jacobs, 2002 p. 52-53). Battered woman syndrome has been used for purposes beyond supporting the claim of self-defense. Such syndrome testimony has been admitted as relevant evidence into a broad range of criminal cases, such as fraud, drug running, child homicide and homicide of an adult other than the batterer. As part of the defense in these criminal cases, battered woman syndrome testimony has been offered to accomplish one of these three things: (a) to bolster the woman’s claim that she engaged in a criminal act under the duress/coercion of her abusive partner; (b) to support the notion of mitigation for the woman at the time she pleads guilty; or (c) to bolster a claim of diminished capacity in the sentencing phase of case (Freedheim et. al. , 2003 p. 485). Today, despite the concerns of a number of legal scholars, most jurisdictions permit testimony in criminal court about battered woman syndrome and a number actually guarantee its legitimacy through legislation. Twelve states provide for battered woman syndrome testimony by statutory law. In 1992, President George Bush signed the Battered Women’s Testimony Act, which specifically authorized a study of this type of testimony and required training materials to be developed to assist the courts. Moreover, this act also strongly encouraged state officials to accept battered woman syndrome testimony based on recognition that many women are victims of physical violence (Freedheim et. al. , 2003 p. 485). The conditions of battered women are still at risk knowing the fact that self-defense is still not considered as ground consideration of homicide; instead, the individual needs to be diagnosed with psychological defect before granting any possible excuse from the crime committed. The Case of Court Defenses. Probably, the most famous case of postpartum psychosis is that of Andrea Yates, a Texas woman who, in 2001, downed her five children – including a six-month old – in a bathtub (Cassidy, 2006 p. 242). Ms. Yates chased the last victim, her 7-year-old boy, as he tried to run away; however, she caught him and submerged him in the tub as she had done with the others. After wrapping the five bodies in sheets and placing them on the bed, she called the Houston Police and, upon their arrival, confessed (Dorne, 2002 p. 122). Prosecutors called for the death penalty, arguing that as long as she could distinguish between right and wrong, having postpartum psychosis is no excuse for murder. Since Yates testified that she knew it was a crime to kill her children, a jury convicted her of capital murder in 2002, triggering debate about whether the standard for mental illness was too rigid and whether the courts understood the nature of postpartum mental illness. However, an appeals court overturned that conviction die to erroneous testimony, and after a new trial in 2006, a jury found her not guilty by reason of insanity. Rather than sending her to prison for life, the judge committed her to be locked mental hospital until she deemed no longer a threat (Cassidy, 2006 p. 242). In response to the second verdict, legal experts said that, in the four years since the Yates case had been in court, the American public had become more understanding – even forgiving – of postpartum depression (Cassidy, 2006 p. 242-243). In Indiana, the case of Judy Kirby attracted national attention to the post-partum defense. Ms. Kirby, a 31-year-old mother of 10 had recently given birth. With four of her children in her car, she drove down a one-way highway the wrong way. Driving against traffic, she passed 16 â€Å"Do Not Enter† signs. Her vehicle eventually hit a minivan head on, killing the driver and his two teenage children. The four Kirby children, ages 5 to 12, were also killed; however, Ms. Kirby survived the crash. A distress note written by Ms. Kirby was found in her vehicle indicating that she was having problems coping and was experiencing relationship problems with her ex-boyfriend, who was also the father of two of her children. She was charged with seven counts of homicide, aggravated battery, and child neglect causing bodily injury, and was sentenced in 2001 to 215 years in prison (Dorne, 2002 p. 122). Another case that depicts the situation of battered women in the sense of self-defense includes the confrontation case of Commonwealth v. Stonehouse (Pa. 1989). Carol Stonehouse killed William Welsh after a series of events that the appellate court characterized as bizarre but believable because they were corroborated by disinterested witnesses. Stonehouse reported many instances of abuse, battery, assaults and threats to the authorities, but with no response issued. With all the efforts provided by Stonehouse; however, she was still charged with criminal homicide, convicted of third degree homicide, and sentenced to seven to fourteen years imprisonment (Ogle and Jacobs, 2002 p. 97). Conclusion The law provides absolute rule in terms of homicide and criminal offenses, although, certain conditions are granted with exemptions. Postpartum depression is one of the psychological defects that can be used ion order to excuse one’s self from committed murder granted the fact of evidence and reliable basis, such as with Yates. On the other hand, the case of Stonehouse’s battered experience was not excused despite of cruel and brutal experience that led her in killing for sake of self-defense. References Cassidy, T. (2006). Birth: The Surprising History of How We Are Born. Open City Books. Dorne, C. K. (2002). An Introduction to Child Maltreatment in the United States: History, Public Policy and Research. Criminal Justice Press. Forrell, C. A. , Matthews, D. M. (2001). A Law of Her Own: The Reasonable Woman as a Measure of Man. NYU Press. Freedheim etal, C. K. (2003). Handbook of Psychology. John Wiley and Sons. Ogle, R. S. , Jacobs, S. (2002). Self-Defense and Battered Women Who Kill: A New Framework. Greenwood Publishing Group. Schwartz, L. , Isser, N. (2007). Child Homicide: Parents Who Kill. CRC Press. Spinelli, M. G. (2003). Infanticide: Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives on Mothers Who Kill. American Psychiatric Pub, Inc.

Global Health Care Challenges Essay -- World Health Organization, Poor

When analyzing the global health care crisis, one should pay particular attention of the problem from both the macro and micro scale. Overlooking either side of the issue wastes both valuable time and resources during an era that cannot afford such loss. Some argue that health care is a fight that politicians must win to enact change. Others say the crisis is simply another economic matter that will eventually resolve itself under the theories of supply and demand. When we look at these explanations without seriously considering the issues that arise in the microcosm, we expose ourselves to moral hazard. In Banker to the Poor (1), Nobelaureate Muhammad Yunus describes how a great deal of change can result from looking at the problem from a smaller perspective. A Lack of Labor In 2006, the World Health Organization released a report that assessed the global health workforce and concluded that the health care crisis was in part due to the lack of health care workers in many regions around the world. It is important to note that the WHO report defines health workers as individuals who act with the intent of improving health. This means that even a mother caring for a sick child is essentially a health worker. However, the WHO report recognizes the difficulty in drawing accurate conclusions from this broad definition and decided to hone in on two special types of health care workers. An example in the report compares a doctor working for a mining company and a painter working in a hospital. Ultimately, the report concludes that it would be best to count the two as health care workers, the doctor providing direct services and the painter providing indirect services. This definition assumes that without the support of the ... ...ever, even an increase for funds dedicated to health care is insufficient to meet the MDGs. Short-term and long-term plans must be implemented in both the micro and macro scale of the problem to ensure an even distribution of resources. Focused surge of health workers into key regions over time and improved access to information are both powerful solutions that will make all the difference within a few years. As Muhammad Yunus said, â€Å"my greatest challenge has been to change the mindset of people. Mindsets play strange tricks on us. We see things the way our minds have instructed our eyes to see.† Similarly, a lack of information has given many people certain mindsets that often lead them to become prone to illness. Information is practically free; why not distribute it to those who would benefit from its presence the most and save something as precious as a life.

Unit 4 Equality and Diversity

NCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 4: Living in diverse communities Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your teacher via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Name: 1. Describe a range of appropriate investigative methods that can be used to explore diversity in a community. Range of age. Sex male to female ratio. Different religion/faiths, marital status marriage & divorce statistics. Ethnicity i. e. which ethnic group is most prominent & Education etc. This information for example can be sourced by accessing census information, the internet & also through observational data 2. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the extent of diversity that exists within your community. You should illustrate your work with some actual data such as statistics or desktop research. Statistics for the whole of BD4 area on religion |All People |Count |Persons |17497 | |Christian |Count |Persons |3892 | |Buddhist |Count |Persons |8 | |Hindu |Count |Persons |158 | |Jewish |Count |Persons |7 | |Muslim Count |Persons |10310 | |Sikh |Count |Persons |744 | |Any other religion |Count |Persons |18 | |No religion |Count |Persons |896 | |Religion not stated |Count |Persons |1464 | Statistics for the whole of BD4 area on Marital status All People |Count |Persons |17497 | |Single (never married) |Count |Persons |9213 | |Married (first marriage) |Count |Persons |5982 | |Re-married |Count |Persons |404 | |Separated (but still legally married) |Count |Persons |461 | |Divorced |Count |Persons |628 | |Widowed |Count |Persons |809 | 3. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the range of services and agencies that exist within your local community to support diversity. Bradford Refugee Forum – This is run by the Northern Refugee Centre in Sheffield. The City of Bradford itself has a population estimated at just over half a million, 22% of which is BME. This makes Bradford one of England’s melting pots with a significant BME presence. Beginning 1960’s, the importation of migrant labour largely from South Asia to work in the city’s growing textile industry resulted in a big concentration of the Pakistan community. The city was rocked by race riots in 1995 and 2001. It also experienced increasing inflows of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants from all over the globe especially from Afghanistan, Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Estonia and other EU states. It is against this background that BRF was formed with a broad remit to provide a strong voice for the refugee and asylum community and to achieve this by ensuring active representation of these communities at various strategic forums in political, economic and socio-cultural organizations. Closely allied to this commitment, was the need for empowering these communities through effective learning and development and the delivery of wanted information to the right people, at the right time and place. Through this strategy, barriers to essential services would be unlocked and the potential for social integration enhanced. Additionally, it was hoped that building capacity in the asylum and refugee community, would increase opportunities for individuals to grow their skills, knowledge and competencies as well as their income earning potential. Olive Branch Trust – Olive Branch Trust was established in 1983 to invest in the local community of South Bradford, West Yorkshire. Over the years the Trust has grown considerably and now focuses on 2 main areas of work, namely the Family and the Youth. The Trust employs many people and these are helped by numerous skilled and dedicated volunteers In 2001 the Trust also became a Limited Company, and then in 2008/9 Community Interest Companies were formed to better deliver the services to our clients. There are now 2 companies namely E:merge CIC (Youth /Education Services) and BD4 CIC (services to the Family). Whereas the initial focus was our city of Bradford they now provide services to those further afield. Drug & Alcohol Counselling – Within Bradford there are several organisations offering help with drug and alcohol problems, organisations like the Council and the Health Authority and specialist voluntary organisations. They can give help from practical advice and information to counselling and prescribing. Support and advice can also be given to families of people with alcohol and drug problems. All the organisations work closely together and use each other's special skills. If you contact one organisation and its workers feel another organisation could help you more, they will discuss this with you. But you are welcome to contact any of the organisations. 4. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, provide a wide range of examples (at least 20) of physical signs that show there is diversity within your community. Include examples relating to: †¢ Religion †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Age †¢ Disability †¢ Gender 1-Shop signage in dual language 2-Different places of worship 3-Large amount of mobility aid shops 4-More asian dress shops 5-Halal butchers 6-Charity shops for overseas aid 7-Few English speaking schools -Large amount of interpreter agencies 9-Few English speaking shop workers 10-Increased amount of asian food warehouses 11-Very few white/british families in area 12-More male shop/factory workers than female 13-More small family run businesses opening 14-More asian familes moving into empty houses 15-More single males in area 16-Lack of Christmas celebration in area 17-Restaurant more suited to asian community 18-Solicitors specialising in immigration needs 19-Shop opening times to fit in with community prayers 20-Very few churches but increased number of mosques 5. Describe the types of inequality that could exist within a community. Report on your findings. As displayed in the tables in Q1 it shows that the Muslim community has more followers in the BD4 area than all other religions put together, it also shows that over half of the locality are single persons. 6. Describe the threats that exist to equality and diversity within the community, using examples of intolerance and extremism. The Bradford Council for Mosques agreed that Muslims had a negative image in British society. A spokesman said: â€Å"The entire British Muslim community gets blamed for the misguided actions of a few. The gross misconceptions about Islam make British Muslims an easy target for blame. Bradford West MP Marsha Singh said: â€Å"There is growing Islamaphobia and it has grown since 7/7 but what we need to do is make sure people keep it in perspective. (Telegraph & Argus – January 2011) As Pakistan comes out of three days of official mourning following the assassination of Salman Taseer, governor of the Punjab province and a senior member of the Pakistan People’s Party, people in Bradford are angry and anxious. Senior public figures among Muslims in Bradford are concerned that Pakistan may be in the grip of religious intolerance that may be a threat to their own friends and family. Ishtiaq Ahmed, spokesman for Bradford Council for Mosques, was in Pakistan a fortnight ago with his wife. He says: â€Å"People there have no trust in the authorities with regard to law or justice. If something goes wrong, they don’t call the police. When you have that level of distrust, people take the law into their own hands. (Telegraph & Argus – January 2011) 7. Research the range of support services and networks that exist within the local community to support diversity and explain the specific roles they carry out and the users they support. This task should be completed for each of the following: a) Public sector organisations Bradford Royal Infirmary – NHS hospital for use of any persons needing treatment. Bowling hall medical practice – offers a full range of medical services to the communities of South Bradford. Our two male and four female doctors have extensive experience within the NHS, and hold various surgeries throughout the day. HolmeWood library – Library for community residents. b) Charitable and voluntary organisations Willow Foundation – the only national charity that provides psychological and emotional support for seriously ill 16 to 40 year olds through the provision of special day experiences. St Vincent de Paul Society – SVP Community Shops provide another point of access to SVP services for those most in need. The SVP operates 29 community shops across England and Wales. The shops are situated in areas of deprivation and serve local communities, providing low cost goods and household items to disadvantaged individuals and families, offering a listening ear, and where appropriate, arranging for local SVP members to visit those most in need. c) Self-help groups Alzheimers society – Available to anyone for dementia information Action for the blind – Action for Blind People is a national charity providing free and confidential support for blind and partially sighted people in all aspects of their lives. One call to Action means help with anything from finding a job, applying for benefits, housing issues to information on local services. UK Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Forum – The UK's only specific forum for patients, families, friends and carers of those diagnosed with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Once you have completed this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Compare and contrast paper about two short stories Essay

In the writings â€Å"A Description of New England† by John Smith and â€Å"Of Plymouth Plantation† by William Bradford, the tone of these two selections vary noticeably. Both authors use certain tones to attract and persuade certain audiences. John Smith wrote of what a wonderful place the New World was, while on the other hand Bradford wrote about the difficulties and realities of the New World. Author John Smith, a pilgrim who arrived in the Americas, writes a description of the new land. In â€Å"A Description of New England† he shows what a wonderful world of vast food and pleasure await. William Bradford, another pilgrim who arrived in Plymouth on the coast of Massachusetts, gives his take on the early settling of the new land. In â€Å"Of Plymouth Plantation† he writes a description of what really happened their, how the pilgrims actually lived. In â€Å"A Description of New England,† Smith starts by describing the pleasure and content that risking your life for getting your own piece of land brings to men. He also implies that building your own house, planting your own crops, and having a â€Å"God’s blessing industry† would be easy to have without having any prejudice. He talks about the joy of erecting towns and then populating them. John Smith rarely mentions the Native Americans, but when he does he says that they are good people and that they helped them when the arrived. Smith also makes references to ways of profiting from daily activities such as hunting and farming. This is his way of persuading others to make a voyage to the New World. For example, John Smith states â€Å"For hunting †¦ afford not only chase sufficient for any delight that in that kind of toil or pleasure but such beasts to hunt that besides the delicacy of their bodies for food, and their skins are so rich as may well recompense thy daily labor with a captains pay. By persuading others to come to the New World, it can also be seen that Smith expects to profit from these new settlers. John Smith appears to be directing his writing towards certain financial individuals wanting to invest in the new colonies. In â€Å"Of Plymouth Plantation,† Bradford begins by reminding us how harsh and difficult the trip to the New World was for the pilgrims. He writes about the condition of the men who arrived to the shore. He also mentions that in the New World there was no one to welcome them, more over there was nothing  to stay in, no houses and no inns. When William Bradford mentions the Native Americans, he says that they greeted them with arrows. Bradford also attempts to persuade others to visit the New World, with a religious approach. This attempt is made even though he does describe the difficulties in the New World. In Bradford’s eyes, had not the Puritan Pilgrims been graced by God then their long and demanding exploration, all would have been in vain. Year after year Bradford keeps sight of the signs from God meant to help the Pilgrims of Plymouth, Massachusetts. After years in the New World, Bradford talks of Squanto, the Indian, becoming â€Å"an instrument sent form God for their good. Then he goes onto compare the Pilgrim’s journey to the New World with the Israelites exodus from Egypt. It is clear to see that these religious references are used to persuade his audience to see the purity of the Pilgrim’s journey to Plymouth. William Bradford appears to be writing towards certain religious individuals who want to make a pilgrimage toe the new colonies. Even though the tones of these two writings, â€Å"A Description of New England† by John Smith and â€Å"Of Plymouth Plantation† by William Bradford, vary distinctly, both authors attempt to persuade certain audiences. Smith attempts to persuade the financial advisors who wish to invest in the New World, while Bradford attempts to persuade the religious individuals to make a pilgrimage to the New World. Bradford wrote about the difficulties and realities of the New World, while Smith wrote about how wonderful the New World was. Pilgrim John Smith wrote a description of the new land in which he describes what an astonishing world of vast food and pleasure awaited others. Another Pilgrim, William Bradford, gave a different description of the new land. He gave a description of what really happened, of how the pilgrims really lived.

Restriction Enzyme Lab Report Essays

Restriction Enzyme Lab Report Essays Restriction Enzyme Lab Report Paper Restriction Enzyme Lab Report Paper It is thought that, together with enzymes that methyl portions of native DNA, restriction enzymes protect cells from DNA of invading organisms cutting such DNA into pieces, thereby restricting its activity. In this experiment, using agrees gel electrophoresis, the number and relative positions of restriction sites for three restriction enzymes, Score, Hinkle and Pull, on the circular plasmid abrupt were mapped by determining the length (in base pairs) of the DNA fragments obtained when cutting the plasmid with each of the restriction enzymes separately and each combination thereof. In agrees gel electrophoresis, a molecular sieve is created such that the distance traveled in the gel toward the anode by any DNA fragment (all of which carry negatively charged phosphate groups in the presence of a basic buffer) is inversely proportional to its molecular weight. Further, such distance traveled has a linear relationship with the log of such fragments molecular weight. Since DNA consists solely of deconstructionists that differ only by their bases and each base pair has approximately the same molecular weight, the distance traveled in the gel toward the anode by any DNA fragment also has a linear relationship with the log f its length (in base pairs). Specifically, the restriction sites were mapped as follows: (i) lambda DNA was cut using the restriction enzyme Handbill to form fragments of known base pair lengths which were separated by agrees gel electrophoresis; (ii) abrupt was digested in seven different ways using the combinations of restriction enzymes discussed above and the fragments from such digests were separated in the same electrophoresis; (iii) using the data from the lambda DNA fragments, a regression was run to determine the relationship between the log of the number of base pairs in fragment and the distance traveled towards the anode during he electrophoresis; (iv) the base pair length of the fragments from each digest was calculated using the relationship determined from the lambda DNA data; and (v) the length of the fragments produced by the different digests were analyzed to produce a map, as will be discussed below. IV. Results. 1. Photo. Attached as Exhibit A-I is a photograph of the results of the electroph oresis performed using our abrupt digests. The results show significant smearing, likely the result of inadequate time allowed for digestion of the DNA.

Frequently Asked Questions About Astronomy and Space

Frequently Asked Questions About Astronomy and Space Astronomy and space exploration are  topics that really get people thinking about far away worlds and distant galaxies. Stargazing under a starry sky or surfing the Web looking at images from telescopes always fires up the imagination. Even though a telescope or pair of binoculars, stargazers can get a magnified view of everything from distant worlds to nearby galaxies. And, that act of stargazing spurs a LOT of questions. Astronomers get asked a lot of those questions, as do planetarium directors, science teachers, scout leaders, astronauts, and many others who research and teach the subjects. Here are some of the most-often-asked questions that astronomers and planetarium people get about space, astronomy, and exploration and collected them along with some pithy answers and links to more detailed articles!   Where Does Space Begin? The standard space-travel answer to that question puts the edge of space at 100 kilometers above Earths surface. That boundary is also called the von Krmn  line, named after the Theodore von Krmn, the  Hungarian scientist who figured it out. Earths atmosphere looks very thin when compared to the rest of the planet. The green line is airglow high in the atmosphere, caused by cosmic rays striking the gases up there. This was shot by astronaut Terry Virts from the International Space Station. The legal definition of space is that it begins at the top of the atmosphere. NASA How Did the Universe Begin? The universe began some 13.7 billion years ago in an event called the Big Bang. It was not an explosion (as is often depicted in some artwork) but more of a sudden expansion from a tiny pinpoint of matter called a singularity. From that beginning, the universe has expanded and grown more complex. Most depictions of the beginning of the universe show it almost as an explosion. It was really the beginning of the expansion of space and time, from a small point that contained the entire universe. The first stars formed a few hundred million years after the expansion began. Our universe is now 13.8 billion years old and measures 92 billion light-years across. HENNING DALHOFF / Getty Images What is the Universe Made of?   This is one of those questions that has an answer that is quite mind-expanding. Basically, the universe consists of galaxies and the objects they contain: stars, planets, nebulae, black holes and other dense objects.  The early universe was largely hydrogen with some helium and lithium, and the first stars formed from that helium. As they evolved and died, they created heavier and heavier elements, which formed second- and third-generation stars and their planets. This represents a timeline of the universe from the Big Bang through the present. At the left is the birth event of the cosmos, known as the Big Bang. NASA / WMAP Science Team Will the Universe Ever End? The universe had a definite beginning, called the Big Bang. Its ending is more like the long, slow expansion. The truth is,  the universe is slowly dying as it expands and grows and gradually cools. It will take billions and billions of years to cool completely and stop its expansion.   How Many Stars Can We See at Night? That depends on many factors, including how dark the skies are where. In light-polluted areas, people see only the brightest stars and not the dimmer ones. Out in the countryside, the view is better. Theoretically, with the naked eye and good seeing conditions, an observer can see around 3,000 stars without using a telescope or binoculars.   What Types of Stars Are Out There? Astronomers classify stars and assign types to them. They do this according to their temperatures and colors, along with some other characteristics.  Generally speaking, there are stars like the Sun, which live their lives for billions of years before swelling up and gently dying. Other, more massive stars are called giants and are usually red to orange in color. There are also white dwarfs. Our Sun is properly classified as a yellow dwarf.   This version of the Hertzprung-Russell diagram plots the temperatures of stars against their luminosities. The position of a star in the diagram provides information about what stage it is in, as well as its mass and brightness. A stars type depends on its temperature, age, and other characteristics plotted on diagrams such as this. European Southern Observatory Why Do Some Stars Appear To Twinkle? The childrens nursery rhyme about Twinkle, twinkle little star actually poses a very sophisticated science question about what stars are. The short answer is: the stars themselves dont twinkle. Our planets atmosphere causes starlight to waver as it passes through and that appears to us as twinkling.   How Long Does a Star Live? Compared to humans, stars live incredibly long lives. The shortest-lived ones can shine for tens of millions of years while the old-timers can last for many billions of years. The study of stars lives and how they are born, live, and die is called stellar evolution, and involves looking at many types of stars to understand their life cycles.   This is what a sun-like star looks like as it dies. Its called a planetary nebula. The Cats Eye planetary nebula, as seen by Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI What is the Moon Made of?   When the Apollo 11 astronauts landed on the Moon in 1969, they collected many rock and dust samples for study. Planetary scientists already knew the Moon is made of rock, but the analysis of that rock told them about the Moons history, the composition of the minerals that make up its rocks, and the impacts that created its craters and plains. Its a largely basaltic world, which implies heavy volcanic activity in its past. What are Moon Phases? The Moons shape appears to change throughout the month, and its shapes are called the phases of the Moon.  They are a result of our orbit around the Sun combined with the Moons orbit around Earth.   This image shows the phases of the Moon and why they happen. The center ring shows the Moon as it orbits around the Earth, as seen from above the north pole. Sunlight illuminates half the Earth and half the moon at all times. But as the Moon orbits around the Earth, at some points in its orbit the sunlit part of the Moon can be seen from the Earth. At other points, we can only see the parts of the Moon that are in shadow. The outer ring shows what we see on the Earth during each corresponding part of the moons orbit. NASA Whats in the Space Between Stars? We often think of space as the absence of matter, but actual space is not really all that empty. The stars and planets are scattered throughout the galaxies, and between them is a vacuum filled with gas and dust.  The gases between galaxies are often there due to a galaxy collision that rips gases away from each of the galaxies in involved. In addition, if conditions are right, supernova explosions can also drive hot gases out into intergalactic space. Whats it Like to Live and Work in Space?   Dozens and dozens of people have done it, and more will in the future! It turns out that, aside from the low gravity, higher radiation hazard, and other dangers of space, its a lifestyle and a job.   What Happens to a Human Body in a Vacuum? Do the movies get it right? Well, not actually. Most of them depict messy, explosive endings, or other dramatic events. The truth is while being in space without a spacesuit WILL kill whoever is unlucky enough to be in that situation  (unless the person gets rescued very, very quickly), their body probably wont explode. Its more likely to freeze and suffocate first. Still not a great way to go. What Happens When Black Holes Collide? People are fascinated by black holes and their actions in the universe. Until very recently, its been tough for scientists to measure what happens when black holes collide. Certainly, its a very energetic event and would give off a lot of radiation. However, another cool thing happens: the collision creates gravitational waves and those can be measured! Those waves are also created when neutron stars collide! When two supermassive black holes collide and merge, some of the excess energy from the event is broadcast as gravitational waves. These can be detected on Earth using very delicate instruments at the LIGO observatory. The SXS (Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes) Project There are many more questions that astronomy and space spur in peoples minds. The universe is a big place to explore, and as we learn more about it, the questions will continue to flow! Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.